Valid vs Invalid Arguments
Hypothetical syllogisms (conditional arguments) can have two valid and two invalid structures
Structures of Syllogism: Valid; Antecedent: Affirming (modus poen); Consequent: Denying (modus tellens)
Structures of Syllogism: Invalid; Antecedent: Denying; Consequent: Affirming
5 Most Common Fallacies
Non Sequitur-irrelevant reason-premise no relationship to conclusion
Ad hominum-person’s character attacked to discredit arguer rather than argument
Post hoc ergo propter hoc-generalization-one event which follows was caused by 1st
Slippery slope-black & white-no gray or middle ground-argues against 1st step since eventually follow through to the last one
Appeal to Emotion-emotional appeals rather than logical reasons to persuade
Logic Problems
The Premise – establishes the setting of the problem, subjects, how subjects are related, number of subjects (4-10)
The Conditions- rules which impose specific restrictions upon relationship among subjects (2-10 conditions)
The Question-questions about relationship-require deductive analysis
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